Nguyen Manh Dzung
Practices
Sectors
Qualifications
Certificate of Passing the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Award Writing Examination with a mark of 79%, organised by School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London (UK) in conjunction with Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb).
· 1st November 2008
LL.M in Comparative and International Dispute Resolution, issued by School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London (UK).
· 11 April 2002
Practising Certificate issued by Minister of Justice of Vietnam.
· 18 March 1997
Certificate of Attendance for Ministry of Justice’s course for training practising skills of lawyers.
· 1996
Certificate of Attendance for Galbraith’s Shipping Course, UK.
· 25 September 1990
LL. B issued by Hanoi University of Law, Vietnam.
Membership
Arbitrator on the List of arbitrators of Hong Kong International Arbitration Center (HKIAC).
• January 07 2022
Arbitrator on the panel of Shanghai Arbitration Commission.
• September 29, 2020, to date
Member of ICC Task Force on Arbitration and ADR: Track 4: national Courts and ADR.
• February 13, 2020, to date
Arbitrator and Mediator in the Panels of Hainan International Arbitration Court (HIAC) of China and HIAC International Mediation Center.
• September 24 2018, to date
Ambassador (Vietnam) at the International Dispute Resolution and Risk Management Institute (IDRRMI) of Hong Kong;
• September 18 2018, to date
International Mediator on the Panel of Japan International Mediation Center (JIMC Kyoto);
• September 03 2018 - December 31 2019
Fellow of Asian Institute of Alternative Dispute Resolution (AADR) of Malaysia;
• July 04, 2018, to date
Member of Mediation Committee of International Bar Association (“IBA”)
• July 01 2018 - June 30 2021
Vietnamese Member of the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and ICC Commission on Arbitration and ADR for the 2nd term of office: 2018-2021
• June 01 2018 – to date
Listed on the Panel of International Arbitrators of Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB)
• May 28 2018 – December 31 2019
Deputy Director of Vietnam Mediation Center (VMC), a division of Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC);
• August 18 2017 – to date
Arbitrator on the Panel of Arbitrators of the Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC)
• June 27 2017 – June 30 2018
Member of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA).
• July 01 2017 – June 30 2018
Vietnamese Member of the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and ICC Commission on Arbitration and ADR for the first term of office: 2017-2018.
• April 18 2017 – to date:
Senior International Mediation Expert of Mainland-Hong Kong Joint Mediation Center.
• March 16 2012 – August 21 2017:
Member of Research Council of The Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) at The Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI): researching on arbitration matters for guiding arbitral tribunals to apply VIAC’s Rules of arbitration
• March 2014 – Present:
Member of Arbitration Committee of International Bar Association(“IBA”).
IBA’s Asia Pacific Arbitration Group (APAG): Member of The Working Group 1 on Harmonizing Arbitration Laws in the Asia Pacific Region
Member of Bar Association of Hanoi, Vietnam.
• April 21 2009 – Present:
Graded Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (MCIArb), East Asia Branch.
Languages
English
Mr. Nguyen Manh Dzung is a qualified Vietnamese lawyer. He has over 30 years of experience in the settlement of maritime, commercial and investment disputes through domestic litigation and international arbitration. His practice areas include admiralty and maritime law, arbitration, dispute resolution & mediation, commercial law, contracts, insurance and reinsurance, international law, international trade, litigation and transportation. He has become a full-time arbitrator and is listed on various panels of arbitrators of VIAC, KCAB International, HIAC, SHAC and HKIAC. He is the first Vietnamese Member of the ICC Court of international arbitration and ICC Taskforce on ADR and Arbitration. He has regularly been appointed as co-arbitrator and presiding arbitrator in various arbitrations conducted under different rules on international sale contracts, service contracts, shipping agency contracts, consultancy and design contracts, business co-operative agreements, supply contracts, joint venture contracts, marine insurance policies, M&A transactions, supply chain and logistic service contracts, leasing contracts, partnership agreements, contracts of carriage of goods by sea, loan agreements, etc.
INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AS COUNSEL:
- Acting as co-legal counsel to a BVI Company in relation to an investment dispute and parallel proceedings involving a Vietnamese company and a Vietnamese state authority;
- Acting as co-legal counsel for a Vietnamese Textile Corporation in a joint venture dispute with a foreign investor before ICC Arbitration seated in Singapore;
- Acting as co-counsel to a Japanese construction company in several court proceedings against Vietnamese state authority in relation to many ICC arbitrations arising from a very important public infrastructure project;
DOMESTIC ARBITRATION AS COUNSEL:
- Acting for a group of shareholders against a large Vietnamese joint-stock commercial bank in a hybrid dispute resolution process;
- Acting for a very famous French-invested retailer in a number of VIAC arbitrations on contractual disputes relating to the development of supermarkets in Vietnam;
- Acting for a very famous Korean construction corporation in two VIAC arbitrations against a large State-owned commercial bank regarding two construction contracts;
- Acting as legal counsel to a foreign-invested company in a VIAC arbitration on a construction project against the Malaysian subcontractor;
- Acting as legal counsel to a foreign-invested company, who was the subcontractor in a major construction project, against the Chinese contractor in the Court of Hanoi City;
- Acting for an international investment fund in a VIAC arbitration against a local joint-stock company regarding a shareholder dispute;
- Acting as legal counsel to global trading companies in relation to sales contract disputes before the VIAC in Hanoi;
- Acting as co-legal counsel to a French-invested company concerning a service contract dispute before the VIAC in Hanoi;
- Acting as co-legal counsel to several international trading groups in relation to the recognition and enforcement of eleventh foreign arbitral awards of US$ multiple millions in value;
- Acting as legal counsel to a BVI Company operating in Hong Kong in relation to the recognition and enforcement of an SIAC award of US$ multiple million in value;
- Acting as legal counsel to several Singapore companies with regard to the recognition and enforcement of a number of institutional and ad-hoc arbitral awards;
- Acting as legal counsel to a Korean–US partnership in relation to the recognition and enforcement of an SIAC arbitral award and
- Acting as legal counsel to a Russian company with regard to the recognition and enforcement of an ICAC arbitral award.
ACTING AS CO-ARBITRATOR:
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a service contract between a Public Relation Joint Stock company and a market research company in October 2017;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules related to disputes arising from the international sale of goods contract between a Hong Kong incorporated trading company and a Vietnamese private-owned company in November 2017.
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a sale and purchase of rice between a Chinese trading company and a Vietnamese trading company in January 2018;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in an international arbitral tribunal for arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a loan agreement between a foreign-invested company and a Vietnamese private owned company in May 2018;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a contract of carriage of goods by sea between a subrogated insurance company and a shipping company in September 2019;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a marine insurance policy between a leasing company and an insurance company in October 2019;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a marine insurance policy between a shipping joint-stock company and an insurance company in December 2019;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from an international sale of goods contract between a German export company and a Vietnamese importer in August 2020.
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a Partnership Agreement to set up a company in Vietnam in February 2021;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a leasing contract between an FDI company and a Vietnamese construction company in January 2021.
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a supply chain and logistic service contract in July 2021;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from an international sale of the medical supply contract between a Swiss importer and a Vietnamese manufacturer in July 2021.
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to M&A disputes in July 2021;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a marine insurance policy between a shipping company and an insurance company in February 2022;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a supply contract between an FDI company and a Vietnamese company in February 2022;
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a joint venture contract and charter between a Japanese investor and a Vietnamese company in June 2022.
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from an international sale of goods contract between a Korean company and a Vietnamese importer in August 2022.
- Acting as co-arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from an international sale of goods contract between a foreign-invested company and a Vietnamese company in June 2023;
ACTING AS PRESIDING ARBITRATOR:
- Acting as a presiding arbitrator for arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from an international supply contract between a foreign contractor and a Vietnamese state-owned oil corporation in February 2019;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a joint venture contract between a foreign-invested property developer and a Vietnamese state-owned housing company in June 2019;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a sale and purchase contract between a foreign-invested company and a Vietnamese joint-stock company in August 2019;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a supply contract between two Vietnamese oil and gas corporations in September 2019;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in an international arbitral tribunal for arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a business co-operative agreement between 2 Vietnamese High Technology companies in December 2019;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a consultancy and design contract between a foreign contractor and one of the largest banks in Vietnam in March 2020;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a sale and purchase contract between a Lao company and a Vietnamese company in March 2023.
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules in relation to disputes arising from a construction contract between a Chinese contractor and a Vietnam Investor in May 2023;
- Acting as presiding arbitrator in arbitration proceedings conducted under VIAC Rules concerning disputes arising from a real estate contract between an individual buyer and a developer in August 2023.
INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AS ARBITRATOR:
- Being considered by the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB International) as a sole arbitrator in March 2020 for disputes arising out of a shipping agency contract between a Korean shipping company and a Philippines Ship Agency with the place of arbitration in Seoul (Korea), Governing law is laws of the Republic of Korea; Languages of Contract and Arbitration is English;
- Being considered by the Singapore International Arbitration Center (SIAC) for appointment as co-arbitrator in March 2021 for disputes arising out of a Service Contract between a Malaysia company and a Vietnamese company with the seat of arbitration in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), Language of Arbitration is English and Governing law of the Contract is Laws of Vietnam.
- Being appointed by the Singapore International Arbitration Center (SIAC) for appointment as co-arbitrator in August 2021 for disputes arising out of an international sale contract between a Chinese company and a Vietnamese company with the seat of arbitration is in Singapore, Language of Arbitration is English and Governing law of the Contract is CISG.
- Being appointed by the ICC Court of International Arbitration as co-arbitrator in July 2023 for disputes arising out of a shareholder’s contract between a foreign company and a Vietnamese-invested company with the seat of arbitration is in Singapore, Language of Arbitration is English and Governing law of the Contract is English law.
- Being appointed by the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB International) as a co-arbitrator in July 2023 for disputes arising out of an international sale of goods contract between a Korean company and a Chinese Company with the place of arbitration in Seoul (Korea), Governing law is Korean law; Languages of Arbitration is English.
- Co-author: “Law and Regulations of Commercial Arbitration of Nations and International Arbitrations” (4 volumes) published by Publishers of Hochiminh City in 1993.
- Co-author of Vietnam Chapter of Getting the Deal Through 2012 & 2013 editions – published by Law Business Research Ltd in 2012, 2013 & 2014.
- Co-author of Vietnam Chapter of ICCA Handbook published by Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague, The Netherlands in October 2012-2017 (updated annually).
- Co-author of Vietnam Chapter of World Arbitration Reporter, Second Edition – International Encyclopedia of Arbitration Law and Practice published by JurisNet LLC of New York (USA) on 30 November 2012-2017 (updated annually).
- Co-author of “Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award in Vietnam: Review of Recent Decision of the Vietnamese Courts” in the February 2014 edition of IBA Arbitration News.
- Co-Author: “New Supreme Court’s Guidance of Law on Commercial Arbitration of Vietnam – A Pro-arbitration Perspective,” published by Arbitration Watch in July 2014.
- Co-author of Vietnam Chapter in IBA Country Guide published in the official of IBA (Ed. Lawrence Schaner, Jenner & Block LLP, Chicago and David Arias, Arias SLP, Madrid) in September 2014.
- Co-author of “Vietnam – An Arbitration-friendly Seat,” published by Young Arbitration Review (19th Edition) (October 2015)
- Co-author of the Vietnamese Chapter in The Asia-Pacific Arbitration Review (GAR) published by Law Business Research Ltd (UK) in 2016 & 2017 (updated annually).
- Co-author of Vietnam Arbitration Report of International Commercial Arbitration: An Asia Pacific Perspective (2nd edition) to be published by Kluwer.
- Co-author of a National report on the public policy exception in the New York Convention published by the IBA Sub-Committee on Recognition and Enforcement of Awards (2016).
- Co-author of National report on 2016 Research Project: Comparative Study of ‘Arbitrability’ under the New York Convention published by IBA Sub-Committee on Recognition and Enforcement of Awards.
- Co-author of “International Investment Dispute Resolution in Vietnam: Opportunities and Challenges” in Julien Chaisse and Luke Nottage (eds.) “International Investment Arbitration in Southeast Asia” published by Journal of World Investment & Trade 18, Volume 8 (2017);
- Co-author of “Investor-State Dispute Resolution Mechanism under EU Vietnam Free Trade Agreement” in Mahdev Mohan & Chester Brown (Eds) “The Asian Turn in Foreign Investment” published by Cambridge University Press (CUP) in 2021.
- Co-author of “DZUNGSRT & ASSOCIATES’ INSIGHT AND EXPERIENCE ON ARBITRATION AND ADR IN VIETNAM” in the English version and “International Commercial Dispute Resolution in Vietnam” in Vietnamese version, which is published in the form of an e-book by Dzungsrt & Associates LLC in November 2016 in Vietnam;
- Co-author of “Judicial Manual on Arbitration and Mediation”, co-edited by IFC of the World Bank Group and Supreme People’s Court of Vietnam, published by Youth Publisher in 2017.
- Author of “Chapter 12: Advocacy Skills in International Arbitration” in the textbook titled “Consultancy Skills and Alternative Dispute Resolution Skills for Lawyers” co-edited by Dr Nguyen Thi Van Anh and Nguyen Thi Minh Hue published by Judicial Academy of Vietnam (Ministry of Justice) in December 2018.
- Author of the article “Post successful mediation: enforcement and execution of mediated settlement agreements” in July 2023 published by Vietnam Mediation Center (VMC): Commercial mediation – the best resolution dispute method 2023.
· 2023 | Recognised as a Global Leader and National Leader for the Vietnam Jurisdiction in the prestigious Transport- Shipping and Arbitration fields. This recognition comes from the Who’s Who Legal and Global Arbitration Review (GAR). |
· 2023 | Recognised as an Arbitrator of Excellence for his outstanding contribution to the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre (VIAC) and a Mediator of Excellence for his remarkable efforts at the Vietnam Mediation Centre (VMC). |
· 2023 | Named in Vietnam Top’s 100 Lawyers 2022 by Asia Business Law Journal |
· 2022 | Elite Practitioner in Dispute Resolution by Asia Law. |
· 2021 | Awarded a certificate of merit by the Vietnamese Minister of Justice for my significant contribution to developing professional commercial lawyers in Vietnam in the last ten years! |
· 2021 | Recommended Lawyer for Vietnam Jurisdiction in the International Who’s Who of Transport 2022 – Shipping. |
· 2021 | Vietnam’s Top 100 Lawyers by Asia Business Law Journal |
· 2021 | Elite Practitioner in Dispute Resolution by Asia Law 2022. |
· 2020 | Leading lawyer in the Dispute Resolution Practice by The Legal 500 Asia Pacific 2020. |
· 2017 | Leading dispute resolution lawyer in Chambers Asia Pacific 2017 Guide. |
· 2016/2017 | Market-leading lawyer in dispute resolution & litigation, shipping, maritime & aviation in Asia law Profiles 2016/2017 Edition |
· 2014/2015/2016/2017 | Recommended Lawyer for Vietnam Jurisdiction in the International Who’s Who of Transport /Shipping Lawyers |
· 2014/2015/2016/2017 | Leading lawyer in the Dispute Resolution Practice by The Legal 500 Asia Pacific |
· 2009/2010/2011 | Recommended Lawyer for Vietnam Jurisdiction in the International Who’s Who of Shipping & Maritime Lawyers |
· 2003/2004 | “Recommended Dispute Resolution Practitioner in Vietnam” by Practical Law Company’s Global Counsel 3000 |
· 10/06/2010 | Vietnam Lawyers Association (VLA)’s Award for active involvement in the law drafting process on commercial arbitration in 2010. |
· 2002 | Annual Conference of Bar Association of Thai Binh province, Vietnam: “Award for Significant Contribution to the Successful Development of Legal Practice” by the local government of Thai Binh province |
- SEMINARS’ ATTENDANCES
· May 05th, 2023 | Attend the ASA Arbitration Practice Seminar organised with the HKIAC. |
· April 28th, 2023 | Attend a study group discussion with ICC Court, HKIAC, SIAC, LCIA and 20 other arbitrators on appointing arbitrators and the tribunal’s constitution under different rules to ensure diversity and equality in international arbitration. |
· April 26th, 2023 | Participate in SCMA Conference 2023 – Navigating a Disrupted World – Global Perspectives hosted by the Singapore Chamber of Maritime Arbitration (SCMA), a reputable arbitration centre specialised in maritime disputes. |
· December 5-6, 2022 | Attending a Deep-Dive workshop on International Mediation and Dispute Resolution for Vietnamese stakeholders organised by SIDRA under the sponsorship of the Temasek Foundation. |
· December 02nd, 2022 | Attending a Training Session for Arbitrators of the Hainan International Arbitration Court (HIAC) |
· November 11th 2021 | ICC Court Alumni Group Launch |
· 17 Sep-28 Oct 2021 | Dzungsrt & Associates LLC’s 2021 – 7 arbitration series titled “international arbitration strategies and practical tips.” |
· June 22nd 2020 | Conference attendance on “Research Report on UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration: International Experience and its possible adoption in Vietnam” held by the Ministry of Justice in Hanoi; |
· December 17th 2019 | Grand Opening Ceremony of KCAB International’s Representative Office in Hanoi |
· October 18th 2019 | 3rd Annual GAR Live at Vienna International Arbitral Centre in Vienna, Austria. |
· 22-27th September 2019 | IBA Annual Conference in Seoul, Korea. |
· September 21st 2019 | Seoul ICC Commission on Arbitration and Mediation Meeting in Seoul, Korea. |
· September 20th 2019 | 8th Asia Pacific ADR Conference in Seoul, Korea. |
· 7th – 9th October 2018 | Grand Opening Ceremony of Japan International Mediation Center (JIMC) in Kyoto, Japan. |
· October 06th 2018 | IBA Annual Conference in Rome, Italy. |
· September 17th 2018 | ICC Commission on Arbitration and ADR – Meeting in Rome, Italy. |
· 27th – 28th June 2018 | Supreme People’s Court’s Conference on three years to develop “Precedent” in the court system in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· June 22nd 2018 | 4th ICC Asia Conference in Hong Kong – Conference on prevention and minimising international investment disputes co-organised by the Ministry of Planning and Investment and the Ministry of Justice in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· 15th – 18th April 2018 | 24th ICCA Congress in Sydney, Australia |
· 26th – 27th September 2017 | 12th ICC New York Conference |
· September 09th 2017 | Workshop on commercial and investment disputes between foreign legal entities and individuals with the Government of Vietnam jointly organised by the Vietnam Business Lawyers Club (VBLC) and Vietnam Society of International Law (VSIL) in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· June 30th 2017 | 3rd ICC ADR Conference in Singapore |
· June 06th 2017 | “Benefits and Challenges of Using ADR in Banking Disputes” was co-organised by IFC and VIAC in Hanoi on 06 June 2017. |
· November 24th 2016 | Chair of Stream 2: “Application of the CISG in International Commercial Arbitration” in 2016 UNCITRAL Vietnam Workshop: “Harmonisation of Trade Law and Outlook for Practitioners in ASEAN” in Hanoi, Vietnam |
· March 03rd 2016 | APAG Meeting at Shanghai and APAG working Group member meeting, Shanghai, China |
· 6th -7th September 2015 | Taipei International Conference on Arbitration and Mediation, Taiwan |
· November 20th 2014 | Korea: 3rd Annual International Arbitration Summit in Seoul, Korea |
· November 19th 2014 | Changes and Challenges: Main Issues of Recent Arbitration Regimes in Korea and Asia-Pacific’ in Seoul, Korea |
· 19th – 24th October 2014 | The 2014 IBA annual conference in Tokyo, Japan |
· June 06th 2014 | SIAC Congress 2014 |
· March 31st 2014 | ICC Mediation Rules Launch in Sydney, Australia |
· 21st – 24th October 2013 | Hong Kong Arbitration Week, Hong Kong |
· September 28th 2009 | International Seminar on the Draft of Arbitration Law of Vietnam held by Maison du Droit Vietnamo-Française |
· 29th – 30th September 2008 | International Workshop on Law on Commercial Arbitration co-organised by Vietnam Lawyers Association and UNDP |
· 15th – 16th September 2008 | International Workshop on international commercial arbitration – Arbitral Decision and Award Writing Skills co-organised by VCCI and Danida Project |
· 2005 | International Bar Association (“IBA”), Law Firm Management Committee in association with All China Lawyers Association’s Seminar on “Managing a Modern Law Firm for Profit and Success” held in Beijing, China on 01 November 2005 |
· 1995 | Escap/Unctad/Bimco’s Seminar on “Charter Parties and Ship Finance” held in Bangkok, Thailand from 30 October – 3 November 1995 |
· 1994 | The Lawasia, Energy Section International Conference – “Energy update in the Asia/Pacific region” held in Manila, the Philippines on 23-27 October 1994 |
- INVITED CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS
· 25/08/2023
· 29/06/2023
|
Presented at the seminar addressing proposed revisions to the Law on Commercial Arbitration. The Vietnamese Lawyers Association organised the Conference with representatives of the Ministry of Justice, the Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC), and lawyers, arbitrators, and arbitration institutions in Vietnam.
Delivered a fascinating presentation on “Evidence and Arbitral Award in International Commercial Arbitration” at the first training course organised by the Representative Office of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in Hanoi for Vietnamese State Agencies. |
· 12/05/2023 | Moderate the ‘Conference on Getting Ready for Breakthroughs in International Arbitration in Vietnam‘ the closing event of Vietnam ADR Week 2023, to discuss the next chapter of arbitration in Vietnam—prospects, challenges, and approaches. |
· 10/05/2023 | Attend an event of Vietnam ADR Week 2023, co-hosted by the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre (VIAC) and Vietnam Institute for Arbitration Research and Training (VIART). The event is titled “Preparing the Adequate Human Resource for the Emerging ADRs Market in Vietnam and the Region.” |
· 09/05/2023 | Joined “Dinner Talk on How to develop a career in arbitration”, an event which was co-hosted by the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre (VIAC) and Vietnam Business Lawyers Club (VBLC), Ciarb EAB YMG Vietnam Chapter, as part of Vietnam ADR Week 2023, to share his experiences and tips with young practitioners and law students on how to build their careers in the dispute resolution world. |
· 17/04/2023 | Presented on “ADR for Prevention, Management, and Settlement of Disputes in the Construction Industry in Vietnam” at the Ho Chi Minh International Construction Arbitration Conference (HICAC 2023) organised by the Society of Construction Law in Ho Chi Minh. |
· 14/04/2023 | A keynote speaker on case management issues at the discussion forum facilitating the proceedings of settling disputes by arbitration in Vietnam, which VIAC organises, Ho Chi Minh City University of Law and Bar Association of Ho Chi Minh City. |
· 03/12/2022 | Sharing about Ethics – Duties, Powers and Roles of Arbitrators and Arbitral Tribunal during arbitral proceedings at 2022 VIAC’s New Arbitrators Meeting. |
· 04-13/11/2022 | Lecturing on the arbitral tribunal and arbitral process for the “Skills in dispute settlement using arbitration” Course hosted by VIART and VIAC in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. |
· 29/09/2022 | Speaking on different forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the Prevention, Management and Settlement of disputes arising from PPP projects for state agencies and entities at the Conference held by the Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) under the sponsorship of USAID in Hanoi. |
· 7/9/2022 | Speaking on the Arb-Med-Arb protocol, Singapore Mediation Convention and UNCITRAL Model Law on international Mediation and encouraging law schools to teach Mediation at the MOU signing between Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) and the University of Economic and Law (UEL) in Ho Chi Minh city. |
· 29/07/2022 | Speaking on domestic arbitration in the M&A sector at the VIAC event in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· June 24th – August 05th, 2022 | Moderating a series of 7 webinars on international arbitration 2022 titled: “Practice guidances with new faces.” |
· April 21st, 2022 | Speaking on the arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction in international commercial arbitration at the Webinar organised by the Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC). |
· March 01st 2022 | Speaking on the “Role of Presiding Arbitrator and Vietnamese arbitration practice” at the seminar for arbitrators of VIAC. |
· December 20th 2021 | Speaking on mediation legislation of Vietnam at the Asia Pacific Region Mediation Legislation Improvement Seminar jointly organised by UNCITRAL RCAP and the Korean Ministry of Justice. |
· December 18th 2021 | Moderate a Roundtable on law firm management issues and advocacy skills in arbitration for the Bar Association of Dong Nai province. |
· 30th Nov-1st Dec 2021 | Temasek Foundation and SMU Workshop 2021: Mediation and Dispute Resolution Program in Asia. |
· November 26th 2021 | Speaking on “Practical legal risks in energy & infrastructure PPP projects in Vietnam” at a webinar titled “DISPUTE AVOIDANCE AND RESOLUTION METHODS FOR ENERGY & INFRASTRUCTURE PPP UNDER NEW PPP LEGISLATION IN VIETNAM” organised by VIAC under the sponsorship by USAID. |
· November 19th 2021 | Discussing the future of international commercial Mediation in Asia to celebrate the 3rd Anniversary of the JIMC-Kyoto on 19 November 2021. |
· October 27th 2021 | Speaking on arbitrability and public policy on enforcing arbitral awards in Vietnam for the SIAC Academy training program. |
· October 05th 2021 | A speaker at a Webinar titled Dispute Resolution through Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) and Commercial Arbitration for Construction projects in Vietnam jointly organised by VIAC & VECAS. |
· June 03rd 2021 | A keynote speaker at 2021 VIAC Arbitration series: Topic 1 Considerations in selecting arbitrators in the arbitration procedures- practical view on Vietnam and international arbitration practice. |
· June 24th 2021 | Speaking at the Webinar on “ICC Rules of Arbitration – Launch in Vietnam” |
· April 02nd 2021 | An online speaker to present on Case Management in Arbitration proceedings organised by the Vietnam Institute of Arbitrators (VIArb). |
· December 18th 2020 | Speaking at an online seminar with the topic “After a successful mediation: Voluntary and Coercive enforcement” jointly organised by VIAC and VMC. |
· October 23rd 2020 | A speaker in a webinar on International Arbitration in the New Normal – What to expect and to be noted? Held by VIAC, VMC & ICC. |
· October 07th 2020 | Speaking at the Arbitral Women’s event: “Conducting Virtual Arbitration Hearings—Skills that Make a Difference” |
· October 02nd 2020 | A keynote speaker at a Webinar on Expert witnesses in arbitrations held by VIAC |
· September 18th 2020 | Panellist at Webinar on: “Disputes from multiple contracts and the issue of consolidation of disputes in arbitration proceedings” – Discussion of arbitration practices in Singapore and Vietnam held by VIAC. |
· June 22nd 2020 | Presenting on arbitration skills in the view of international arbitration lawyers at the Ministry of Justice’s Workshop on commercial arbitration and Mediation in Hanoi; |
· June 19th 2020 | Moderating the first session: Commercial Mediation in Vietnam – The current picture in the Workshop on Commercial Arbitration: Effective options for dispute resolution held during the Vietnam ADR Week in Hanoi. |
· June 18th 2020 | Speaking about commercial dispute resolution mechanism in Vietnam at the Workshop: International Arbitration and Mediation: to improve commercial dispute processing by Vietnam and Japan during the Vietnam ADR Week in Hanoi. |
· June 17th 2020 | Moderating Session 1 of speakers: Mr Vo Tri Thanh and Ms Nguyen Thi Thu Trang on Covid-19 and International Trade at the Conference on Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and EU (EV FTA) during the Vietnam ADR Week in Hanoi; |
· June 17th 2020 | Presenting Successful Examples of Arbitration Development in Some Countries – What should Vietnam do? In Conference: 10 Years of Commercial Arbitration Law: Opportunities and Challenges held during the Vietnam ADR Week in Hanoi. |
· June 16th 2020 | Moderating Session 2: Experience resolving construction contract disputes at International Arbitration at the Workshop on Risk Prevention and Settlement of construction disputes by arbitration held during the Vietnam ADR Week 2020 in Hanoi. |
· June 15th 2020 | Moderating session 1 Time bar issues in Vietnam, Singapore and England at the conference “Commentary on the application of time bar for commencement of a business lawsuit – comparative perspective” during the Vietnam ADR Week in Hanoi in 2020; |
· June 15th 2020 | Presenting at the Arbitration Program, Materials, Methods of Training, Teaching and Research at Queen Mary University of London (UK) in the Discussion Session 2: International experience in training and research of arbitration and Mediation and recommendations for Vietnam at Workshop on Training On Knowledge, Skills And Professional Skills Of Commercial Adr In Vietnam: Needs And Opportunities For Development Cooperation during the Vietnam ADR Week held at Hanoi Foreign Trade University (FTU). |
· May 28th 2020; | Speaking at Peter & Kim’s webinar “Arbitrating in Vietnam, Singapore and Korea: What is different?” |
· May 15th 2020 | Speaking at the webinar “Chat with arbitrators on arbitrator’s job and arbitration procedures”. |
· January 09th 2020 | ICC Arbitration in special section 1 of Introduction to International Commercial Arbitration Course held by CIArb Vietnam in Hanoi. |
· November 21st 2019 | Moderate the first Workshop on Risk Management and International Mediation in the Trade War Period jointly organised by the Vietnam Mediation Center (VMC) and IDRRMI of Hong Kong in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· October 01st 2019 | Seminar to comment on the draft law on court-annexed Mediation held by Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and Supreme People’s Court in Hanoi. |
· August 23rd 2019 | International Mediation for a training course organised by the Ministry of Justice of Vietnam (MOJ) in Ho Chi Minh City; |
· 24th – 25th August 2019 | Render a lecture on advocacy in international arbitration for students of the advanced class of the MOJ’s Judicial Academy in Hanoi; |
· 26th – 27th August 2019 | Moderate the first training course of the Vietnam Mediation Center (VMC) on Mediation Advocacy for lawyers in Hanoi. |
· July 24th 2019 | Multi-tiers dispute resolution clauses and their problems at the workshop “An introduction to international arbitration agreements” organised by CIArb Singapore branch and co-hosted by VBLC and VIAC in Ho Chi Minh City; |
· July 23rd 2019 | “Singapore Mediation Convention and its impact on mediation activities from Vietnam Mediation Centers’ perspective” at the Seminar on Singapore convention and future of ADR and ODR in Asia organised by VBLC in Ho Chi Minh City; |
· 3rd & 5th July 2019 | Moderate discussions of VIAC-listed arbitrators on organising and managing arbitral proceedings closer to the best international arbitration practice in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. |
· July 04th 2019 | Moderate session 2: “Efficient and rapid contractual dispute resolution in infrastructure PPP projects to stimulate public-private partnerships” at the Conference on Infrastructure PPP Projects jointly organised by KCAB, VIAC and VCCI in Hanoi; |
· June 26th 2019 | Discuss the Geopolitics of Law at the 5th ICC Asia Conference in Singapore. |
· June 10th 2019 | Judging at the final round of FDI Moot Court in Hanoi |
· June 04th 2019 | Speak on arbitration and Mediation for British Business Group Vietnam (BBGV) in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· May 30th 2019 | Moderate VMC Workshop on the 1st anniversary of the Vietnam Mediation Center (VMC) establishment in Hanoi. |
· 23rd & 30th May 2019 | Render a lecture on commercial Mediation given international investment agreements for over 200 Vietnamese lawyers in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh. |
· May 16th 2019 | Guest speaker at Global Arbitration Forum 2019 “Mapping the future with Mediation,” co-organised by Thailand Arbitration Center (THAC) and International Dispute Resolution & Risk Management Institute (“IDRRMI”) in Bangkok, Thailand. |
· April 19th 2019 | As an ICC Court Member, represented Vietnam jurisdiction to make a closing remark at the Workshop “Resolving disputes in EPC general contractor contracts – congestion in the key projects of Vietnam” jointly organised by ICC and VIAC in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· April 19th 2019 | Sharing VMC experience in mediating commercial disputes at the Workshop in Commercial Mediation held by the Vietnam Business Lawyers Club (VBLC) in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· April 17th 2019 | Investment mediation in Vietnam at the International Dispute Resolution Conference 2019 – New Era of Global Collaboration in Hong Kong. |
· 20th – 22nd April 2019 | A 3-day training course named PIDA1 (Program of the Institute for the Development of Arbitration), hosted by the ICC Court (International Chamber of Commerce) and Vietnam Business Lawyers Club (VBLC) in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· December 06th 2018 | “Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and other aspects of international arbitration in Vietnam” in the seminar” Current issues and the future of international arbitration in Asia in 2018: co-hosted by KCAB International in Seoul, Korea. |
· 2nd & 9th November 2018 | Workshop on Arbitration and Mediation: Opportunities and Challenges co-hosted by Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) and Vietnam Business Lawyers Club (VBLC) in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. |
· 27th -29th August 2018 | Judicial Training on court-annexed Mediation co-organised by the Supreme People’s Court and IFC of the World Bank Group in Nha Trang city. |
· August 16th 2018 | Arbitration and Mediation: Advanced Mechanisms for SME dispute resolutions co-organised by IFC, VCCI, VIAC and VMC in Ho Chi Minh City |
· July – August 2018 | Seminar on the business environment and commercial Mediation: From the perspective of resolving commercial disputes at court co-organised by Supreme People’s Court and USAID in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang City. |
· June 07th 2018 | Ministry of Justice’s Training workshop on commercial Mediation in Hanoi |
· May 29th 2018 | Opening Ceremony of Vietnam Mediation Center (VMC) in Hanoi. |
· May 11th 2018 | Panellist on session 2: “Commercial Arbitration – A new prominent element ensuring investment attraction” in the seminar on “Commercial Arbitration – Increasing Confidence in Foreign Direct Investment” held by ICC International Court of Arbitration and Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) in Hanoi |
· March 08th 2018 | “An overview of Vietnam’s legal framework on commercial mediation and approach towards making it a popular dispute resolution mechanism” in the Conference “Outlook for Commercial Mediation – An Advanced Alternative Dispute Resolution Method in East Asia and the Roles of Counsels” held by IFC of the World Bank and Vietnam Business Lawyers Club (VBLC) in Ho Chi Minh city |
· March 07th 2018 | Introduction of Decree No. 22/CP of the Government on Commercial Mediation in the “Workshop on Vietnam’s existing legal framework for commercial mediation and lessons learnt from international best practice” held by IFC of the World Bank and Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) in Ho Chi Minh city |
· December 15th 2017 | Workshop on the introduction of Judicial Manual on Arbitration and Mediation co-organised by IFC of the World Bank and Supreme People’s Court of Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh City |
· December 07th 2017 | “Setting aside domestic arbitral awards and recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam” in Vietnam Seminar organised by Seoul IDRC in Seoul, Korea. |
· November 10th 2017 | “The enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam” at The Belt and Road Initiative and Dispute Resolution at the second Qian Hai Legal Intelligence Forum in Shenzhen, China. |
· November 04th 2017 | Comparison of the arbitration rules between UNCITRAL and VIAC in the first IBA International Arbitration Day in Hanoi: Introduction of IBA soft law. |
· August 12th 2017 | “Effective Skills for settlement of commercial and investment disputes by international arbitration” in a 12th CPD training day for lawyers of the Bar Association of Ho Chi Minh City in Ho Chi Minh City. |
· 11th & 18th August 2017 | “Commercial and Investment Dispute Resolution by Mediation – International experience and lessons learned for Vietnam” in a Conference to implement the Governmental Decree No. 22/2017 / ND-CP on Commercial Mediation held by the Ministry of Justice with the sponsorship of IFC of the World Bank Group in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city. |
· August 04th 2017 | “International Arbitration and Justice Reforms in Vietnam” in “International Arbitration and Rule of Law for Sustainable Market” hosted by Vietnam Japan University and the University of Tokyo with support of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC) and The Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA) in Hanoi. |
· July 14th 2017 | “Recent Developments of Vietnam’s Arbitration Legal Framework” in “A Strategic Approach to International Arbitration in Korea and Vietnam: Commerce, Investment and Infrastructure” co-organised by KCAB and VIAC in Ho Chi Minh City on 14 July 2017. |
· May 18th 2017 | “Go while the going is good” in “Better Dispute Resolutions, Better International Business” co-organised by ICC and VIAC in Ho Chi Minh City on 18 May 2017.
“Transparency: Are we ready to Lift the Veil of Confidentiality of Arbitration” in the 2nd AP Transparency Observatory Annual Conference: |
· December 16th 2016 | “Development of Transparency in Investment Arbitration in the Asia Pacific Region in 2016” held by The Seoul IDRC at the International Conference Hall of the Seoul Global Center, Seoul, Korea |
· September 30th 2016 | “The enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam” at Young ICCA Conference on Arbitration in Vietnam |
· August 04th 2016 | “Investor-State Dispute Resolution Mechanism under EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement” in Regulation and Investment Dispute: Asian Perspectives at Investment Arbitration & Asia – Scoping Workshop & Evening Seminar, Singapore |
· July 18th 2016 | “International Investment Dispute Resolution in Vietnam: Opportunities and Challenges” at International Investment Arbitration and Dispute Resolution in Southeast Asia in Bangkok, Thailand |
· March 17th 2016 | “Execution of courts’ judgments and decisions and foreign arbitral awards” at the CONFERENCE ON ASEAN INTEGRATION AND HARMONISATION OF JUSTICE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES |
· November 10th 2015 | “Post M&A Disputes” at the Seminar on M&A and Alternative Dispute Resolution |
· 9th – 10th October 2015 | Comments on the draft report of the study on international investment dispute settlement by the Vietnamese Court and arbitration at the Workshop on Prevention and Settlement of International Investment Disputes – held by the Vietnam Ministry of Justice and the USAID |
· September 21st 2015 | “Practices on Recognition and Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in a number of competent jurisdictions” and “Comments on some provisions of the draft of the Civil Proceedings Code” at the Conference on Recognition and Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam & the Draft of the Vietnam Civil Proceedings Code (draft) – held by the Vietnam Ministry of Justice |
· September 09th 2015 | “Use of commercial arbitration in Vietnam. Some solutions to enhance the attractiveness of arbitration” at the Conference on summarising on implementing the Law on Commercial Arbitration held by the Vietnam Ministry of Justice |
· 30th – 31st July 2015 | “International Recommendations on the procedure of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam” at the Conference on “some major problems on the about the project of Amendment of Civil Procedure Code, there exist different opinions” held by the Judicial Committee of Vietnam’s National Assembly and the UNDP. |
· April 09th 2015 | “An overview of commercial arbitration in Vietnam” in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the modern justice system – Justice Partnership Programme – Component I |
· 2nd – 3rd April 2015 | “New York Convention on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards 1958” at the Workshop on the implementation of Resolution No. 01/2014/NQ-HDTP of Supreme People’s Court of Vietnam on the implementation of a number of articles of the 2010 law on commercial arbitration and issues relating to 1958 New York Convention |
· 18th – 20th March 2015 | “Can Different Jurisdictions Speak the Same Language on Enforcement of Arbitral Awards?” at IBA 4th Asia Pacific Regional Forum Conference: Borderless Asia, Singapore |
· February 03rd 2015 | “UNCITRAL instruments on ADR and enforcing contract reform in Vietnam” at APEC Workshop on UNCITRAL Instruments and the EoDB Initiative in Clark, Philippines |
· 17th – 18th November 2014 | “Challenges in Vietnam after the Promulgation of the Law on Commercial Arbitration and the Role of National Court” at the 3rd Asia Pacific ADR Conference hosted by UNCITRAL, the Ministry of Justice and the KCAB in Seoul, Korea |
· 26th – 28th March 2014 | “Arbitration in Vietnam In the Next 10 Years: The Foundations to Flourish” at the 10th Anniversary APRAG Conference in Melbourne, Australia |
· 27th – 28th February 2014 | Workshop on “Court Annexed Mediation in Vietnam” held by the Supreme People’s Court of Vietnam and sponsored by UNDP in Moc Chau, Son La province, Vietnam. |
· November 29th 2013 | “Role of Lawyers in Dispute Resolution in International Trade” in Vietnam WTO Center Seminar on Trend in the resolution of the commercial dispute in an international regime that Vietnam accedes to, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |
· 23rd – 26th October 2013 | “Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards: A Practical Insight on the Application of the 1958 New York Convention in Vietnam” at the New York State Bar Association Seasonal Meeting 2013 in Hanoi, Vietnam |
· October 18th 2013 | “Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Vietnam: Commentaries on Recent Decisions of Vietnamese Courts in the light of the New York Convention 1958 and Vietnamese Laws” in the Conference of the Vietnam International Arbitration Centre in Hanoi, Vietnam |
· February 10th 2012 | Investment Treaty Arbitration at Workshop on Resolution of International Trade and Business Disputes co-organised by Hanoi Law University and the University of West of England under the sponsorship of EU Mutrap III Project |
· November 16th 2011 | “Making Arbitration Work for You: Practical Considerations in Implementing the New Commercial Arbitration Framework”, organised by AmCham Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh City |
· June 06th 2011 | “Interim Relief under a new law on commercial arbitration in 2011” at ‘The Basics of Arbitrating a Dispute–A Practical Guide to The Arbitration Process’ session at the Seminar Vietnam Global Investment Destination – An Arbitral Perspective Hosted by SIAC and VIAC at Melia Hanoi Hotel |
· July 30th 2010 | “Pacific International Arbitration Center” at the Seminar on “International Energy and Infrastructure Arbitration – A Vietnam Perspective” jointly organised by the Singapore International Arbitration Center (SIAC) and Pacific International Arbitration Center (PIAC) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with the attendance of Mr K Shanmugam Singapore Minister for Law. |
· 26th – 27th July & 02nd – 03rd August 2010 | “Arbitral awards and the enforcement of arbitral awards in Vietnam” at the seminar on “Basic issues of law on commercial arbitration” jointly organised by Vietnam Lawyers Association and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (Germany) in Hanoi and Da Lat City (Vietnam) |
· June 29th & July 03rd 2010 | Lecture on “Settlement of dispute in international sale and purchase transactions” at the training course for Vietnamese lawyers on “international economic integration” organised by the Ministry of Justice on Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi |
· 8th & 10th June 2010 | “How to explore advantages of arbitration in resolving disputes in view of a practising lawyer” at the seminar on “Practice of Commercial Dispute Resolution by Arbitration and Enforcement of Awards in Vietnam” organised by the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (“VCCI”) with the sponsorship of Danida project in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |
· May 28th 2010 | “Evolution of law and practice of arbitration in Vietnam: Comparison of the Ordinance 2003 and the new draft law. Analysis of most notable developments under pending legislation International Arbitration in Vietnam” presented at International Seminar: “Practice, Procedure and Contemporary Developments” jointly organised by Allen & Overy LLP and Audier & Partners Vietnam LLC in Hanoi |
· May 06th 2010 | “Recent Developments on Maritime Arbitration in Vietnam” presented at the 3rd Asian Maritime Law Conference held in Singapore |
· November 11th 2009 | Panellist at ADR session of Law Asia 22nd Conference in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |
· October 21st 2009 | Seminar on “Setting aside, recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in Vietnam” organised by Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (“VCCI”) with the sponsorship of Danida project in Hanoi, Vietnam |
· February 28th 2009 | Workshop on “Proposal to expand professional lawyers for the purpose of the international economic integration of Vietnam” in the framework of the Project on reviewing the legal system of Vietnam in line with commitments to WTO organised by the Ministry of Justice of Vietnam in Hanoi |
· November 25th 2008 | Seminar on the Draft of Law on Arbitration co-organised by Vietnam Lawyers Association, VCCI and Danida Project in Hanoi |
· 2006 | “International Commercial Dispute Resolution – Experiences and Practical Lessons” organised by the Ministry of Justice in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam on 25th – 27th December 2006 |
· 2006 | “Bilateral Trade Agreement (“BTA”) between United States of America and Vietnam – its impacts to the practice of Vietnamese legal profession,” organised by Ministry of Justice of Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam on 04 August 2006 |
· 2006 | “Commenting on Lawyers Bill dated 13 March 2006” organised by the Ministry of Justice of Vietnam in Da Lat City, Vietnam on 09 April 2006 |
· 2005 | “Arbitration in Vietnam” held by Watson Farley & Williams, a London law firm, in conjunction with Dzungsrt & Associates in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |